Which of the following is NOT a common source of error in field sampling?

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The focus of this question is to identify sources of error that can affect the integrity and reliability of field sampling results. Among the options provided, the use of proper monitoring techniques is not considered a common source of error.

Effective monitoring techniques are essential for ensuring accurate sampling. When proper protocols and methods are followed, they minimize the likelihood of errors occurring during the data collection process. This includes adhering to established procedures for sample collection, handling, preservation, and transport. By using proper techniques, the risk of contamination, misinterpretation, or loss of sample integrity is significantly reduced.

In contrast, the other options—equipment malfunction, environmental conditions, and human error—represent actual sources of error that can compromise sampling efforts. Equipment malfunction may result in improper measurements or failure to collect samples altogether. Environmental conditions, such as temperature or weather variations, can alter chemical compositions or biological activity, affecting the results. Human error encompasses a broad range of mistakes that can occur during sampling, including improper sample collection procedures or mislabeling samples, which can lead to incorrect conclusions based on the data.

Therefore, while equipment malfunction, environmental conditions, and human error are common pitfalls in field sampling, the use of proper monitoring techniques serves as a safeguard against these errors, making it

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